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Reading – Advanced Academic Passage (5 câu)
Passage Topic: The Greenhouse Effect and Climate Feedback Loops
The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon whereby gases in Earth’s atmosphere trap heat, keeping the planet’s surface warmer than it would be otherwise. However, human activities, especially the burning of fossil fuels, have intensified this effect, leading to global warming.
One consequence of this warming is the melting of polar ice caps. This initiates a positive feedback loop: as ice melts, less sunlight is reflected into space (a property known as albedo), and more is absorbed by the darker ocean surface, causing further warming. Other feedback loops involve water vapor, another potent greenhouse gas, which increases as temperatures rise, amplifying the warming trend.
1. What is the main purpose of the passage?
A. To explain the impact of deforestation on climate
B. To describe the mechanism of the greenhouse effect and its amplifiers
C. To argue against fossil fuel consumption
D. To outline the history of climate change policies
✅ Answer: B
Giải thích: Đoạn văn giải thích hiệu ứng nhà kính và các vòng lặp phản hồi làm khuếch đại sự nóng lên.
2. What does the author imply about the albedo effect?
A. It cools the atmosphere by absorbing solar radiation
B. It prevents ice from melting
C. It plays a role in regulating Earth’s temperature
D. It causes water vapor to condense
✅ Answer: C
Giải thích: Albedo (khả năng phản chiếu ánh sáng) giúp làm mát Trái Đất bằng cách phản chiếu ánh sáng khỏi bề mặt.
3. The word “potent” in the phrase “another potent greenhouse gas” is closest in meaning to:
A. Abundant
B. Powerful
C. Common
D. Artificial
✅ Answer: B
Giải thích: “Potent” = mạnh, có ảnh hưởng lớn → powerful.
4. According to the passage, what causes an increase in water vapor in the atmosphere?
A. Increased volcanic activity
B. Melting glaciers
C. Higher temperatures
D. Deforestation
✅ Answer: C
Giải thích: Nhiệt độ tăng làm nước bốc hơi nhiều hơn → tăng hơi nước.
5. Which of the following best describes a feedback loop discussed in the passage?
A. Melting ice reduces reflection and increases warming
B. Ocean currents carry heat across the globe
C. CO₂ emissions form acid rain
D. Greenhouse gases block UV radiation
✅ Answer: A
Giải thích: Đây là mô tả của một positive feedback loop đã đề cập.
Listening – Simulated Academic Lecture (5 câu)
(Dạng văn bản mô phỏng audio)
Professor: “Today we’ll examine how language acquisition in early childhood is influenced by both nature and nurture. While Noam Chomsky proposed that humans have an innate language acquisition device, modern research also emphasizes the role of environmental stimuli. For example, children exposed to richer linguistic environments tend to develop stronger vocabulary and grammatical skills.”
6. What is the lecture mainly about?
A. The history of Chomsky’s theories
B. The environmental impact of speech
C. The balance between biology and experience in language learning
D. The reasons adults struggle with new languages
✅ Answer: C
Giải thích: Giáo sư nói về cả yếu tố bẩm sinh và môi trường đối với việc học ngôn ngữ.
7. What does the professor imply about children in richer linguistic environments?
A. They are genetically superior
B. They develop more advanced language skills
C. They speak more slowly
D. They prefer visual learning
✅ Answer: B
Giải thích: Trẻ tiếp xúc nhiều ngôn ngữ sẽ có vốn từ và kỹ năng ngữ pháp tốt hơn.
8. Which theory is associated with an “innate language acquisition device”?
A. Skinner’s Behaviorism
B. Piaget’s Cognitive Development
C. Chomsky’s Universal Grammar
D. Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
✅ Answer: C
Giải thích: “Language acquisition device” là khái niệm do Noam Chomsky đề xuất.
9. What does the professor mean by “environmental stimuli”?
A. Genetic instructions
B. Sensory deprivation
C. Language input from surroundings
D. Natural disasters
✅ Answer: C
Giải thích: “Environmental stimuli” ở đây là những yếu tố từ môi trường giúp phát triển ngôn ngữ – ví dụ như lời nói từ người lớn.
10. What can be inferred from the lecture?
A. Language development is solely innate
B. Environmental exposure has no effect
C. Both genetics and environment influence language development
D. Adults cannot acquire new languages
✅ Answer: C
Giải thích: Bài giảng nhấn mạnh cả hai yếu tố nature và nurture đều ảnh hưởng.
Grammar & Vocabulary – Advanced Use (5 câu)
11. Choose the sentence with correct parallel structure:
A. She likes reading, to swim, and going hiking.
B. She likes to read, swimming, and hike.
C. She likes reading, swimming, and hiking.
D. She likes to reading, to swimming, and to hiking.
✅ Answer: C
Giải thích: Dùng cùng cấu trúc từ loại (gerunds) cho sự song song → reading, swimming, hiking.
12. Choose the best word to complete the sentence:
“Despite the CEO’s optimistic tone, the shareholders remained ______ about the company’s future.”
A. elated
B. skeptical
C. passive
D. neutral
✅ Answer: B
Giải thích: “Skeptical” = nghi ngờ → phù hợp với ngữ cảnh đối lập với "optimistic."
13. Identify the error:
“If she would have arrived on time, we could have caught the train.”
A. If
B. would have arrived
C. we
D. could have
✅ Answer: B
Giải thích: Câu điều kiện loại 3 → đúng phải là: “If she had arrived…”
14. What is the meaning of the phrase “to take something with a grain of salt”?
A. Believe something completely
B. Be mildly skeptical
C. Ignore something
D. Be offended
✅ Answer: B
Giải thích: Cụm này mang nghĩa nghi ngờ một chút, không tin hoàn toàn.
15. Which sentence uses the subjunctive mood correctly?
A. I wish I was taller.
B. I wish I were taller.
C. She wishes she was here.
D. He wishes he was knowing more.
✅ Answer: B
Giải thích: Câu ước → dùng “were” cho tất cả ngôi.
Inference, Paraphrasing & Logic – (5 câu)
16. Paraphrase this sentence correctly:
“Many scientists argue that climate change is accelerating due to human activities.”
A. Scientists believe humans are slowing climate change.
B. Climate change is not caused by humans.
C. Scientists think humans are causing faster climate change.
D. Human activity is unrelated to climate change.
✅ Answer: C
Giải thích: Paraphrase giữ nguyên ý chính của câu gốc.
17. What can be inferred from the following sentence?
“Despite his qualifications, he was passed over for the promotion.”
A. He received the promotion
B. He wasn’t considered
C. He didn’t get the promotion
D. He didn’t want the promotion
✅ Answer: C
Giải thích: “Passed over” = bị bỏ qua → nghĩa là anh ta không được thăng chức.
18. Which sentence best implies contrast?
A. Although he studied hard, he failed the exam.
B. He studied hard and passed.
C. He failed the exam after not studying.
D. He failed because the exam was difficult.
✅ Answer: A
Giải thích: “Although” chỉ sự tương phản.
19. Which is the most logical conclusion from this statement?
“Attendance at the seminar increased after the topic was changed to artificial intelligence.”
A. Fewer people are interested in AI
B. AI is a popular topic
C. The seminar was canceled
D. People dislike AI
✅ Answer: B
Giải thích: Tăng số người tham dự → chủ đề AI hấp dẫn hơn.
20. Which sentence is most concise and formal?
A. There are a lot of different kinds of things to consider.
B. A variety of factors must be considered.
C. We have to think about a bunch of stuff.
D. Lots of things are worth thinking about.
✅ Answer: B
Giải thích: Câu B súc tích, trang trọng và rõ ràng nhất – phù hợp với phong cách TOEFL Writing.
