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1–5: Reading Comprehension – Academic Passage
Topic: The Role of Keystone Species in Ecosystems
A keystone species is one whose presence and role within an ecosystem has a disproportionate effect on other organisms within the system. One well-known example is the sea otter, which preys on sea urchins. Without sea otters, urchin populations explode, leading to overgrazing of kelp forests. These forests provide essential habitat and food for a wide range of marine species.
Another example is the African elephant, which shapes its environment by uprooting trees and creating clearings that allow grasses to grow. These open areas support herbivores such as zebras and antelopes, which in turn support predators. Removing keystone species can thus destabilize entire ecosystems.
1. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. Predators are the most important species in all ecosystems
B. Keystone species play a critical role in maintaining ecological balance
C. African elephants are endangered
D. Sea urchins are invasive species
✅ Answer: B
Giải thích: Cả đoạn văn nói về tầm quan trọng của loài chủ chốt (keystone species).
2. What would most likely happen if sea otters disappeared?
A. Kelp forests would thrive
B. Sea urchins would decrease
C. Marine biodiversity would decline
D. Predators would move inland
✅ Answer: C
Giải thích: Không có rái cá biển → nhím biển phát triển quá mức → rừng tảo bị phá hủy → đa dạng sinh học giảm.
3. The word “disproportionate” is closest in meaning to:
A. Equal
B. Balanced
C. Excessive
D. Unequal
✅ Answer: D
Giải thích: "Disproportionate effect" = tác động không cân xứng, nghĩa là lớn hơn mong đợi.
4. Why does the author mention zebras and antelopes?
A. To explain competition among herbivores
B. To show how elephants help maintain a food chain
C. To illustrate species that depend on forests
D. To highlight species endangered by elephants
✅ Answer: B
Giải thích: Voi châu Phi giúp duy trì thảo nguyên – môi trường sống của các loài như ngựa vằn, linh dương.
5. What can be inferred from the passage?
A. All species are equally important
B. Ecosystems are independent of predators
C. Removing one key species can collapse an ecosystem
D. Kelp forests can grow without any protection
✅ Answer: C
Giải thích: Đây là hệ quả chính khi loài chủ chốt bị loại bỏ.
6–10: Listening Comprehension – Simulated Lecture (Text-based)
Lecture Topic: The Dunning-Kruger Effect in Psychology
Professor: “The Dunning-Kruger Effect is a cognitive bias in which individuals with low ability in a certain area overestimate their competence. This bias occurs because those lacking knowledge also lack the ability to recognize their own errors. For instance, someone with little understanding of economics may believe they can predict market trends. Interestingly, as one’s competence increases, their confidence often decreases initially, since they become more aware of what they don’t know.”
6. What is the lecture mainly about?
A. Economic forecasting
B. Cognitive biases related to self-awareness
C. IQ testing and its effects
D. Overconfidence in experts
✅ Answer: B
Giải thích: Toàn bộ bài giảng nói về thiên kiến nhận thức – hiệu ứng Dunning-Kruger.
7. According to the professor, why do incompetent individuals overestimate their ability?
A. They have higher intelligence
B. They are socially pressured to succeed
C. They lack the skills to evaluate their own performance
D. They have more experience than others
✅ Answer: C
Giải thích: Họ thiếu khả năng nhận biết mình sai → đánh giá sai năng lực bản thân.
8. What example does the professor give?
A. A doctor misdiagnosing a patient
B. A novice trying to fix a computer
C. A person with little economic knowledge predicting markets
D. A language learner speaking fluently
✅ Answer: C
Giải thích: Đây là ví dụ cụ thể trong bài giảng.
9. What happens as a person gains more competence?
A. Their confidence always increases
B. They become less self-aware
C. They become overconfident
D. Their confidence may decrease as they realize what they don’t know
✅ Answer: D
Giải thích: Người hiểu biết hơn lại khiêm tốn hơn vì nhận ra những giới hạn.
10. What can be inferred from the lecture?
A. People often underestimate experts
B. Self-assessment is often flawed in beginners
C. Experts are usually arrogant
D. Cognitive bias affects only scientists
✅ Answer: B
Giải thích: Hiệu ứng Dunning-Kruger xảy ra vì người mới khó tự đánh giá đúng bản thân.
